【英语语法】词法---介词

介词

介词是连接名词、代词或短语与其他句子成分的词，用于表达时间、地点、方向、方式、原因等关系。

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1. 介词的核心功能

功能	作用	示例
表示时间	动作发生的时间点或时段	at noon, on Monday, in 2024
表示地点	人或物的位置/方向	on the table, under the bed
表示方式	动作的执行手段	by bus, with a knife
表示原因	事件发生的原因	due to rain, because of you
表示所属	归属关系	the cover of the book

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2. 常见介词分类与用法

(1) 时间介词

介词	用法	示例
at	精确时间点	at 7:30, at midnight
on	具体某天/日期	on Tuesday, on May 1st
in	较长时段（年/月/季节）	in 2024, in summer, in July
for	持续时间	for two hours, for years
since	从过去某时持续到现在	since 2010, since childhood

对比练习：

• ✗ I’ll meet you in 3 PM. → ✓ I’ll meet you at 3 PM.
• ✗ She left at Monday. → ✓ She left on Monday.

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(2) 地点/方向介词

介词	用法	示例
in	封闭空间内	in the room, in the box
on	表面接触	on the wall, on the floor
at	具体地点或小范围	at the door, at school
under	正下方	under the table
above	上方（不接触）	above the clouds
between	两者之间	between you and me
among	三者及以上之间	among the trees

易错点：

• ✗ The cat is on the tree. → ✓ The cat is in the tree. （猫在树冠中）
• ✗ The painting is in the wall. → ✓ The painting is on the wall.

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(3) 方式/工具介词

介词	用法	示例
by	交通工具/手段	by car, by email
with	使用具体工具	with a pen, with my hands
in	用某种材料/语言	in ink, in English

对比：

• He wrote the letter in pencil. （材料）
• He wrote the letter with a pencil. （具体工具）

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(4) 其他重要介词

介词	用法	示例
of	所属/材料	the leg of the chair, made of wood
for	目的/受益对象	for fun, a gift for you
about	关于	a book about history
against	反对/靠着	against the law, lean against the wall

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3. 介词短语的句法功能

功能	示例	说明
作状语	She sat on the chair.	修饰动词
作定语	The man in black is a spy.	修饰名词
作表语	The book is on the desk.	位于系动词后

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4. 介词搭配

(1) 动词 + 介词

搭配	意义	例句
depend on	依赖	I depend on my friends.
laugh at	嘲笑	Don’t laugh at others.
apologize for	为…道歉	He apologized for being late.

(2) 形容词 + 介词

搭配	意义	例句
afraid of	害怕	She is afraid of spiders.
good at	擅长	He is good at math.
interested in	对…感兴趣	I’m interested in art.

(3) 名词 + 介词

搭配	意义	例句
reason for	…的原因	the reason for his absence
solution to	…的解决方案	a solution to the problem

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5. 常见错误与纠正

错误类型	错误示例	纠正
介词冗余	✗ He entered into the room.	✓ He entered the room.
介词遗漏	✗ She arrived the airport.	✓ She arrived at the airport.
搭配错误	✗ I’m good in English.	✓ I’m good at English.
中文直译错误	✗ on the sun （在太阳上）	✓ in the sun （在阳光下）