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Qt Quick 与 QML(五)qml中的布局

QML布局系统主要分为三大类:锚布局、定位器布局、布局管理器。

一、锚布局(Anchors)

通过定义元素与其他元素或父容器的锚点关系实现精确定位,支持动态调整。

核心特性

属性作用示例
anchors.left左边缘对齐目标元素anchors.left: parent.left
anchors.right右边缘对齐目标元素anchors.right: parent.right
anchors.top顶部对齐目标元素anchors.top: parent.top
anchors.bottom底部对齐目标元素anchors.bottom: parent.bottom
组合属性
anchors.fill填充整个目标元素(通常为父容器)anchors.fill: parent
anchors.centerIn在目标元素中居中anchors.centerIn: parent
边距控制
anchors.margins统一设置四周边距anchors.margins: 10
*Margin单独设置某方向边距(如leftMarginanchors.leftMargin: 15

适用场景‌:需要精确相对定位的UI元素(如表单控件对齐)。 

代码示例:

 //锚布局Rectangle {// 填充整个区域anchors.left: parent.leftcolor: "#f9e370"width: 300height: 300Rectangle {// 左上角anchors.top: parent.topanchors.topMargin: 5anchors.left: parent.leftanchors.leftMargin: 5color: "#ef2929"width: 50height: 50}Rectangle {// 右上角anchors.top: parent.topanchors.topMargin: 5anchors.right: parent.rightanchors.rightMargin: 5color: "#8ae234"width: 50height: 50}Rectangle {// 左下角anchors.bottom: parent.bottomanchors.bottomMargin: 5anchors.left: parent.leftanchors.leftMargin: 5color: "#204a87"width: 50height: 50}Rectangle {// 右下角anchors.bottom: parent.bottomanchors.bottomMargin: 5anchors.right: parent.rightanchors.rightMargin: 5color: "#5c3566"width: 50height: 50}Rectangle {// 居中anchors.centerIn: parentcolor: "#ad7fa8"width: 50height: 50}Rectangle {// 中上anchors.top: parent.topanchors.topMargin: 5anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCentercolor: "#fcaf3e"width: 50height: 50}Rectangle {// 左中anchors.left: parent.leftanchors.leftMargin: 5anchors.verticalCenter: parent.verticalCentercolor: "#729fcf"width: 50height: 50}Rectangle {// 右中anchors.right: parent.rightanchors.rightMargin: 5anchors.verticalCenter: parent.verticalCentercolor: "#555753"width: 50height: 50}Rectangle {// 中下anchors.bottom: parent.bottomanchors.bottomMargin: 5anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCentercolor: "#ce5c00"width: 50height: 50}}

运行结果:

二、定位器布局(Positioners)

自动排列子元素,无需手动计算位置,适合规则排列。

四大定位器类型

类型排列方向关键属性特点
Row水平排列spacing子项等宽或按内容自适应
Column垂直排列spacing子项等高或按内容自适应
Grid网格排列rows/columns支持跨行/列,自动换行
Flow流式排列flow根据容器宽度自动换行

属性

定位器类型核心属性属性说明布局特点典型应用场景代码示例
行定位器
(Row)
spacing子项水平间距(像素)从左向右水平排列子项水平导航栏、工具栏按钮组

Row {

spacing: 10 

Button {}

Button {}}

layoutDirection排列方向:Qt.LeftToRight(默认)或Qt.RightToLeft(从右向左)支持反向布局RTL语言界面适配layoutDirection: Qt.RightToLeft
列定位器
(Column)
spacing子项垂直间距(像素)从上向下垂直排列子项设置菜单、垂直列表

Column {

spacing: 15

 Text {}

 Slider {}}

自动尺寸约束宽度继承最宽子项,高度自适应无需显式设置尺寸动态内容容器默认行为
网格定位器
(Grid)

rows/

columns

强制指定行/列数量(默认自适应)从左到右、从上到下矩阵排列表单布局、图标网格

Grid {

  rows: 2; columns: 3

spacing: 8

 Repeater { model: 6; delegate: Item{} }}

flow排列顺序:Grid.LeftToRight(先行后列)或Grid.TopToBottom(先列后行)控制填充优先级特殊顺序布局flow: Grid.TopToBottom

rowSpacing/

columnSpacing

独立设置行/列间距(覆盖spacing支持非均衡间距复杂表格布局rowSpacing: 5; columnSpacing: 12
流式定位器
(Flow)
flow换行方向:Flow.LeftToRight(水平流)或Flow.TopToBottom(垂直流)自动换行/换列瀑布流布局、标签云

Flow { width: 300

 spacing: 10

 Repeater

{ model: 20;

delegate: Tag{}

}}

padding容器内边距(像素)子项与容器边缘的距离带边距的响应式布局padding: 15
spacing统一控制水平和垂直间距简化间距设置紧凑型布局spacing: 10

适用场景‌:规则排列的列表、图标网格或色块组。

代码示例:

    //定位器布局Rectangle {// 填充整个区域anchors.right: parent.rightcolor: "#c5fd30"width: 300height: 300//水平Row {anchors.top: parent.topanchors.topMargin: 3anchors.left: parent.leftanchors.leftMargin: 3spacing: 3Repeater {model: 4Rectangle {width: 30height: 30color: {switch(index) {case 0: return "red"case 1: return "green"case 2: return "blue"case 3: return "gray"}}}}}//垂直Column {anchors.bottom: parent.bottomanchors.bottomMargin: 3anchors.left: parent.leftanchors.leftMargin: 3spacing: 3Repeater {model: 4Rectangle {width: 30height: 30color: {switch(index) {case 0: return "red"case 1: return "green"case 2: return "blue"case 3: return "gray"}}}}}//网格Grid {anchors.top: parent.topanchors.topMargin: 3anchors.right: parent.rightanchors.rightMargin: 3columns: 3spacing: 3Repeater {model: 14Rectangle {width: 30height: 30color: getRectColor()function getRectColor() {if (Positioner.index % 4 === 0)return 'red'else if (Positioner.index % 4 === 1)return 'green'else if (Positioner.index % 4 === 2)return 'blue'elsereturn 'gray'}}}}//流式Flow {anchors.bottom: parent.bottomanchors.bottomMargin: 3anchors.right: parent.rightanchors.rightMargin: 3width: 162spacing: 3Repeater {model: 14Rectangle {width: 30height: 30color: getRectColor()function getRectColor() {if (Positioner.index % 4 === 0)return 'red'else if (Positioner.index % 4 === 1)return 'green'else if (Positioner.index % 4 === 2)return 'blue'elsereturn 'gray'}}}}}

运行结果:

三、布局管理器(Layout Managers)

提供响应式布局能力,需导入QtQuick.Layouts模块,支持动态拉伸和约束控制。

核心类型及功能

类型方向特有附加属性功能
RowLayout水平Layout.fillWidth子项按比例填充剩余宽度
ColumnLayout垂直Layout.preferredHeight控制子项高度优先级
GridLayout网格Layout.rowSpan支持跨行/列布局
StackLayout堆叠currentIndex类似选项卡切换显示不同子项

属性

布局类型核心属性属性说明示例代码
行布局
(RowLayout)
spacing子项水平间距(像素)

RowLayout {

spacing: 10

Rectangle { Layout.preferredWidth: 100 }}

Layout.fillWidth子项是否填充剩余宽度(true/false)Rectangle {Layout.fillWidth: true}
列布局
(ColumnLayout)
spacing子项垂直间距(像素)

ColumnLayout {

spacing: 15

Button {}

Slider {}}

Layout.fillHeight子项是否填充剩余高度(true/false)Rectangle {Layout.fillHeight: true}
网格布局
(GridLayout)
columns/rows强制指定列/行数(默认自适应)

GridLayout {

columns: 3

Rectangle {}}

flow排列方向:LeftToRight(默认)或TopToBottomflow: GridLayout.TopToBottom
堆栈布局
(StackLayout)
currentIndex当前可见子项的索引(默认0)

StackLayout {currentIndex: 1

 Rectangle {}}

count子项总数(只读属性)onCountChanged: console.log(count)
Layout.fillWidth/Height子项默认填充整个布局区域(true)Rectangle {Layout.fillWidth: false // 禁用默认填充}

代码示例:

    //布局管理器Rectangle {anchors.left: parent.leftanchors.bottom: parent.bottomcolor: "#5ccbf6"width: 300height: 300//水平RowLayout {anchors.top: parent.topanchors.topMargin: 5anchors.left: parent.leftanchors.leftMargin: 5width: 100Rectangle {color: 'red'Layout.fillWidth: trueLayout.minimumWidth: 50Layout.preferredWidth: 50Layout.maximumWidth: 100Layout.minimumHeight: 25Text {anchors.centerIn: parenttext: parent.width + 'x' + parent.height}}Rectangle {color: "green"Layout.fillWidth: falseLayout.minimumWidth: 25Layout.preferredWidth: 100Layout.preferredHeight: 50Text {anchors.centerIn: parenttext: parent.width + 'x' + parent.height}}}//垂直ColumnLayout {anchors.bottom: parent.bottomanchors.bottomMargin: 5anchors.left: parent.leftanchors.leftMargin: 5height: 150Rectangle {color: 'red'Layout.fillHeight: trueLayout.minimumHeight: 50Layout.preferredWidth: 75Layout.preferredHeight: 75Layout.maximumWidth: 100Layout.maximumHeight: 100Text {anchors.centerIn: parenttext: parent.width + 'x' + parent.height}}Rectangle {color: 'green'Layout.fillHeight: falseLayout.minimumWidth: 100Layout.preferredWidth: 100Layout.preferredHeight: 50Text {anchors.centerIn: parenttext: parent.width + 'x' + parent.height}}}//网格GridLayout {anchors.top: parent.topanchors.topMargin: 5anchors.right: parent.rightanchors.rightMargin: 5flow: GridLayout.LeftToRightheight: 120columns: 3Rectangle {color: 'red'Layout.columnSpan: 1width: 30height: 30}Rectangle {color: 'gray'Layout.alignment: Qt.AlignVCenter | Qt.AlignHCenterwidth: 30height: 30}Rectangle {color: 'blue'Layout.rowSpan: 2width: 30height: 30}Rectangle {color: 'green'width: 30height: 30}}//堆叠StackLayout {anchors.right: parent.rightanchors.bottom: parent.bottomcurrentIndex: parseInt(textEdit.text)height: 120width: 120Rectangle {color: 'red'}Rectangle {color: 'green'}Text {text: "Text"}Image {source: "file:///home/li/图片/1.png"}}TextEdit {id: textEditanchors.centerIn: parentwidth: 80height: 20text: qsTr("0")}}

运行结果:

四、定位器布局 vs 布局管理器对比表 

特性定位器布局(Positioners)布局管理器(Layout Managers)
核心类型Row, Column, Grid, FlowRowLayout, ColumnLayout, GridLayout
子元素尺寸调整 固定子元素原始尺寸,不自动缩放动态调整子元素大小(填充/约束空间)
排列方式简单顺序排列(水平/垂直/网格)高级自适应排列(支持权重/对齐/跨行跨列)
响应式布局 窗口缩放时元素位置固定不变自动根据容器尺寸调整子项布局
附加属性仅基础属性(如spacing丰富约束属性(fillWidth/alignment/minimumHeight等)
适用场景静态元素排列(图标栏、固定菜单)动态表单、可伸缩界面、复杂自适应布局

五、完整代码示例

import QtQuick 2.6
import QtQuick.Window 2.2
import QtQuick.Layouts 1.14Window {visible: truewidth: 640height: 640title: qsTr("布局")//锚布局Rectangle {// 填充整个区域anchors.left: parent.leftcolor: "#f9e370"width: 300height: 300Rectangle {// 左上角anchors.top: parent.topanchors.topMargin: 5anchors.left: parent.leftanchors.leftMargin: 5color: "#ef2929"width: 50height: 50}Rectangle {// 右上角anchors.top: parent.topanchors.topMargin: 5anchors.right: parent.rightanchors.rightMargin: 5color: "#8ae234"width: 50height: 50}Rectangle {// 左下角anchors.bottom: parent.bottomanchors.bottomMargin: 5anchors.left: parent.leftanchors.leftMargin: 5color: "#204a87"width: 50height: 50}Rectangle {// 右下角anchors.bottom: parent.bottomanchors.bottomMargin: 5anchors.right: parent.rightanchors.rightMargin: 5color: "#5c3566"width: 50height: 50}Rectangle {// 居中anchors.centerIn: parentcolor: "#ad7fa8"width: 50height: 50}Rectangle {// 中上anchors.top: parent.topanchors.topMargin: 5anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCentercolor: "#fcaf3e"width: 50height: 50}Rectangle {// 左中anchors.left: parent.leftanchors.leftMargin: 5anchors.verticalCenter: parent.verticalCentercolor: "#729fcf"width: 50height: 50}Rectangle {// 右中anchors.right: parent.rightanchors.rightMargin: 5anchors.verticalCenter: parent.verticalCentercolor: "#555753"width: 50height: 50}Rectangle {// 中下anchors.bottom: parent.bottomanchors.bottomMargin: 5anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCentercolor: "#ce5c00"width: 50height: 50}}//定位器布局Rectangle {// 填充整个区域anchors.right: parent.rightcolor: "#c5fd30"width: 300height: 300//水平Row {anchors.top: parent.topanchors.topMargin: 3anchors.left: parent.leftanchors.leftMargin: 3spacing: 3Repeater {model: 4Rectangle {width: 30height: 30color: {switch(index) {case 0: return "red"case 1: return "green"case 2: return "blue"case 3: return "gray"}}}}}//垂直Column {anchors.bottom: parent.bottomanchors.bottomMargin: 3anchors.left: parent.leftanchors.leftMargin: 3spacing: 3Repeater {model: 4Rectangle {width: 30height: 30color: {switch(index) {case 0: return "red"case 1: return "green"case 2: return "blue"case 3: return "gray"}}}}}//网格Grid {anchors.top: parent.topanchors.topMargin: 3anchors.right: parent.rightanchors.rightMargin: 3columns: 3spacing: 3Repeater {model: 14Rectangle {width: 30height: 30color: getRectColor()function getRectColor() {if (Positioner.index % 4 === 0)return 'red'else if (Positioner.index % 4 === 1)return 'green'else if (Positioner.index % 4 === 2)return 'blue'elsereturn 'gray'}}}}//流式Flow {anchors.bottom: parent.bottomanchors.bottomMargin: 3anchors.right: parent.rightanchors.rightMargin: 3width: 162spacing: 3Repeater {model: 14Rectangle {width: 30height: 30color: getRectColor()function getRectColor() {if (Positioner.index % 4 === 0)return 'red'else if (Positioner.index % 4 === 1)return 'green'else if (Positioner.index % 4 === 2)return 'blue'elsereturn 'gray'}}}}}//布局管理器Rectangle {anchors.left: parent.leftanchors.bottom: parent.bottomcolor: "#5ccbf6"width: 300height: 300//水平RowLayout {anchors.top: parent.topanchors.topMargin: 5anchors.left: parent.leftanchors.leftMargin: 5width: 100Rectangle {color: 'red'Layout.fillWidth: trueLayout.minimumWidth: 50Layout.preferredWidth: 50Layout.maximumWidth: 100Layout.minimumHeight: 25Text {anchors.centerIn: parenttext: parent.width + 'x' + parent.height}}Rectangle {color: "green"Layout.fillWidth: falseLayout.minimumWidth: 25Layout.preferredWidth: 100Layout.preferredHeight: 50Text {anchors.centerIn: parenttext: parent.width + 'x' + parent.height}}}//垂直ColumnLayout {anchors.bottom: parent.bottomanchors.bottomMargin: 5anchors.left: parent.leftanchors.leftMargin: 5height: 150Rectangle {color: 'red'Layout.fillHeight: trueLayout.minimumHeight: 50Layout.preferredWidth: 75Layout.preferredHeight: 75Layout.maximumWidth: 100Layout.maximumHeight: 100Text {anchors.centerIn: parenttext: parent.width + 'x' + parent.height}}Rectangle {color: 'green'Layout.fillHeight: falseLayout.minimumWidth: 100Layout.preferredWidth: 100Layout.preferredHeight: 50Text {anchors.centerIn: parenttext: parent.width + 'x' + parent.height}}}//网格GridLayout {anchors.top: parent.topanchors.topMargin: 5anchors.right: parent.rightanchors.rightMargin: 5flow: GridLayout.LeftToRightheight: 120columns: 3Rectangle {color: 'red'Layout.columnSpan: 1width: 30height: 30}Rectangle {color: 'gray'Layout.alignment: Qt.AlignVCenter | Qt.AlignHCenterwidth: 30height: 30}Rectangle {color: 'blue'Layout.rowSpan: 2width: 30height: 30}Rectangle {color: 'green'width: 30height: 30}}//堆叠StackLayout {anchors.right: parent.rightanchors.bottom: parent.bottomcurrentIndex: parseInt(textEdit.text)height: 120width: 120Rectangle {color: 'red'}Rectangle {color: 'green'}Text {text: "Text"}Image {source: "file:///home/li/图片/1.png"}}TextEdit {id: textEditanchors.centerIn: parentwidth: 80height: 20text: qsTr("0")}}}

运行结果:

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