Jsoup与HtmlUnit：两大Java爬虫工具对比解析

 Jsoup：HTML解析利器

• 定位：专注HTML解析的轻量级库（也就是快，但动态页面无法抓取）

• 核心能力：

  • DOM树解析与CSS选择器查询

  • HTML净化与格式化

  • 支持元素遍历与属性提取

• 应用场景：静态页面数据抽取、内容清洗

  public static Document getJsoupDoc(String url, Integer frequency, Integer connectTimeout) {Document document = null;try {if(connectTimeout==null){document = Jsoup.connect(url).ignoreContentType(true).get();}else{document = Jsoup.connect(url).ignoreContentType(true).maxBodySize(0).timeout(connectTimeout).get();}} catch (Exception e) {document = null;}if (document == null && frequency < 3) {frequency = frequency + 1;try {Thread.sleep(100);} catch (InterruptedException e) {log.error("休眠异常：" + e.getMessage(), e);}document = getJsoupDoc(url, frequency, connectTimeout);}return initUrl(url,document);}

   HtmlUnit：无头浏览器引擎

  • 定位：支持JavaScript的全功能浏览器模拟器（js动态数据的加载）

  • 核心能力：

    • 执行复杂AJAX请求

    • 模拟用户交互（点击/表单提交）

    • 支持Cookie管理和页面跳转

  • 典型场景：动态网页抓取、自动化测试

    /*** @param url      爬虫链接* @param waitTime 等待时间* @return*/public static Document getDynamicCrawlersDocument(String url, Integer waitTime, boolean javaScriptEnabled) {Document document = null;try (WebClient browser = new WebClient()) {//解决动态页面抓取不到信息问题browser.getOptions().setCssEnabled(false);browser.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(javaScriptEnabled);browser.getOptions().setThrowExceptionOnScriptError(false);browser.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);// 设置自定义的错误处理类browser.setJavaScriptErrorListener(new MyJSErrorListener());HtmlPage page = null;page = browser.getPage(url);// 等待后台脚本执行时间browser.waitForBackgroundJavaScript(waitTime);String pageAsXml = page.asXml();document = Jsoup.parse(pageAsXml.replaceAll("\\<\\?xml.*?\\?>", ""));document.setBaseUri(url);} catch (ScriptException e) {log.error("getDynamicCrawlersDocument页面:{}     JavaScript 异常：{}", url, e.getMessage());return initUrl(url,document);} catch (UnknownHostException e) {log.error("getDynamicCrawlersDocument页面:{}     无法解析或找到指定的主机名：{}", url, e.getMessage());return initUrl(url,document);} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException e) {log.error("getDynamicCrawlersDocument页面:{}     HTTP 状态异常：{}", url, e.getStatusCode());return initUrl(url,document);} catch (Exception e) {log.error("getDynamicCrawlersDocument页面:{}    获取页面异常：{}", url, e.getMessage());return initUrl(url,document);}return initUrl(url,document);}

    核心优势对比

    特性	Jsoup	HtmlUnit
    解析速度	⚡️ 毫秒级响应	⏳ 需加载完整页面资源
    JS支持	❌ 不执行任何脚本	✅ 完整JavaScript引擎
    内存占用	🟢 10MB级内存消耗	🔴 100MB+内存需求
    学习曲线	🟢 半天掌握核心API	🟡 需理解浏览器事件模型
    反爬绕过	❌ 基础Header支持	✅ 模拟真实浏览器指纹

  • 实战场景选择指南

    ▶ 首选Jsoup的情况

    • 目标数据存在于初始HTML中(静态页面)

    • 需要高频抓取（>1000次/分钟）

    • 服务器资源受限（云函数/边缘计算）

    • 快速原型开发需求

  • ▶ 必须HtmlUnit的场景

    • 页面依赖AJAX动态加载（js数据请求）

    • 需要登录Cookie保持

    • 涉及表单交互操作

    • 需解析Shadow DOM内容

结语

Jsoup与HtmlUnit代表了Java爬虫的两个技术维度：极致效率与完整模拟。理解二者的设计哲学，根据实际场景灵活选用甚至组合使用（如用HtmlUnit获取初始页面后用Jsoup解析），往往能取得最佳效果。在日益复杂的反爬机制下，合理选择工具将成为数据抓取成功的关键。

完整代码工具类

package com.zzkj.zei.utils;import cn.hutool.http.HttpRequest;
import cn.hutool.http.HttpResponse;
import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
import com.zzkj.zei.pojo.system.SysSite;
import com.zzkj.zei.utils.spider.SpiderUtils;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.ObjectUtils;
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
import org.htmlunit.BrowserVersion;
import org.htmlunit.FailingHttpStatusCodeException;
import org.htmlunit.ScriptException;
import org.htmlunit.WebClient;
import org.htmlunit.html.HtmlAnchor;
import org.htmlunit.html.HtmlPage;
import org.htmlunit.javascript.DefaultJavaScriptErrorListener;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
import org.jsoup.HttpStatusException;
import org.jsoup.Jsoup;
import org.jsoup.nodes.Document;
import org.jsoup.nodes.Element;
import org.jsoup.select.Elements;import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;/*** FileName: JsoupHtmlUintUtils* Author: wzk* Date:2024/11/8 9:32*/
@Slf4j
public class JsoupHtmlUintUtils {/*** 动态检测** @param url 爬虫链接* @return*/public static Document getDynamicCrawlersDocument(String url) {Document document = null;//解决动态页面抓取不到信息问题WebClient browser = new WebClient(BrowserVersion.CHROME);browser.getOptions().setCssEnabled(false);browser.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);browser.getOptions().setThrowExceptionOnScriptError(false);// 允许使用不安全的 SSLbrowser.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);// 设置自定义的错误处理类browser.setJavaScriptErrorListener(new MyJSErrorListener());HtmlPage page = null;try {page = browser.getPage(url);// 等待后台脚本执行时间browser.waitForBackgroundJavaScript(1000);String pageAsXml = page.asXml();document = Jsoup.parse(pageAsXml);} catch (ScriptException e) {log.info("页面:{}     JavaScript 异常：{}", url, e.getMessage());} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException e) {log.info("页面:{}     HTTP 状态异常：{}", url, e.getStatusCode());} catch (UnknownHostException e) {log.info("页面:{}     无法解析或找到指定的主机名：{}", url, e.getMessage());} catch (Exception e) {log.error("页面:{}    获取页面异常：{}", url, e.getMessage());}return initUrl(url,document);}/*** @param url      爬虫链接* @param waitTime 等待时间* @return*/public static Document getDynamicCrawlersDocument(String url, Integer waitTime, boolean javaScriptEnabled) {Document document = null;try (WebClient browser = new WebClient()) {//解决动态页面抓取不到信息问题browser.getOptions().setCssEnabled(false);browser.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(javaScriptEnabled);browser.getOptions().setThrowExceptionOnScriptError(false);browser.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);// 设置自定义的错误处理类browser.setJavaScriptErrorListener(new MyJSErrorListener());HtmlPage page = null;page = browser.getPage(url);// 等待后台脚本执行时间browser.waitForBackgroundJavaScript(waitTime);String pageAsXml = page.asXml();document = Jsoup.parse(pageAsXml.replaceAll("\\<\\?xml.*?\\?>", ""));document.setBaseUri(url);} catch (ScriptException e) {log.error("getDynamicCrawlersDocument页面:{}     JavaScript 异常：{}", url, e.getMessage());return initUrl(url,document);} catch (UnknownHostException e) {log.error("getDynamicCrawlersDocument页面:{}     无法解析或找到指定的主机名：{}", url, e.getMessage());return initUrl(url,document);} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException e) {log.error("getDynamicCrawlersDocument页面:{}     HTTP 状态异常：{}", url, e.getStatusCode());return initUrl(url,document);} catch (Exception e) {log.error("getDynamicCrawlersDocument页面:{}    获取页面异常：{}", url, e.getMessage());return initUrl(url,document);}return initUrl(url,document);}private static List<Document> getDynamicCrawlersDocument(String url, Integer waitTime) {List<Document> documents = new ArrayList<>();HtmlPage oldPage = null;try (WebClient browser = new WebClient()) {//解决动态页面抓取不到信息问题browser.getOptions().setCssEnabled(false);browser.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);browser.getOptions().setThrowExceptionOnScriptError(false);browser.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);// 设置自定义的错误处理类browser.setJavaScriptErrorListener(new MyJSErrorListener());HtmlPage page = null;page = browser.getPage(url);oldPage = page;// 等待后台脚本执行时间browser.waitForBackgroundJavaScript(waitTime);Document document;document = getDocuments(url, page);documents.add(document);while (true) {HtmlAnchor nextButton = page.getFirstByXPath("//a[contains(text(), '下一页')]");if (nextButton == null || nextButton.getAttribute("class").contains("disabled")) {break; // No more pages}page = nextButton.click();browser.waitForBackgroundJavaScript(waitTime);if (page.equals(oldPage) && !page.getUrl().toString().equals(url)) {break;}oldPage = page;document = getDocuments(url, page);documents.add(document);}} catch (ScriptException e) {log.error("getDynamicCrawlersDocument页面:{}     JavaScript 异常：{}", url, e.getMessage());} catch (UnknownHostException e) {log.error("getDynamicCrawlersDocument页面:{}     无法解析或找到指定的主机名：{}", url, e.getMessage());} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException e) {log.error("getDynamicCrawlersDocument页面:{}     HTTP 状态异常：{}", url, e.getStatusCode());} catch (Exception e) {log.error("getDynamicCrawlersDocument页面:{}    获取页面异常：{}", url, e.getMessage());}return documents;}private static @NotNull Document getDocuments(String url, HtmlPage page) {String pageAsXml = page.asXml();Document document = Jsoup.parse(pageAsXml.replaceAll("\\<\\?xml.*?\\?>", ""));document.setBaseUri(url);return initUrl(url,document);}public static List<Document> getDocuments(String url, Integer isDynamic) {List<Document> list;if (isDynamic == 1) {list = getDynamicCrawlersDocument(url, 1000);} else {list = getJsoupDoc(url);}return list;}public static Document getDocument(String url, Integer isDynamic) {Document document;if (isDynamic == 1) {document = getDynamicCrawlersDocument(url, 1000, true);} else {document = getJsoupDoc(url, 1, null);}return initUrl(url,document);}/*** @param url 爬虫链接* @return*/public static Document getJsoupDoc(String url, Integer frequency, Integer connectTimeout) {Document document = null;try {if(connectTimeout==null){document = Jsoup.connect(url).ignoreContentType(true).get();}else{document = Jsoup.connect(url).ignoreContentType(true).maxBodySize(0).timeout(connectTimeout).get();}} catch (Exception e) {document = null;}if (document == null && frequency < 3) {frequency = frequency + 1;try {Thread.sleep(100);} catch (InterruptedException e) {log.error("休眠异常：" + e.getMessage(), e);}document = getJsoupDoc(url, frequency, connectTimeout);}return initUrl(url,document);}private static List<Document> getJsoupDoc(String url) {List<Document> list = new ArrayList<>();Document document = getJsoupDoc(url, 1, null);list.add(document);return list;}public static String getRedirectUrl(String url) {log.info("getRedirectUrl-------------------url---------------" + url);String redirectUrl = "";//设置模拟浏览器try (WebClient webClient = new WebClient(BrowserVersion.CHROME)) {//是否等待页面javaScrpit加载webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);webClient.getOptions().setRedirectEnabled(true);// js运行错误时，是否抛出异常webClient.getOptions().setThrowExceptionOnScriptError(false);webClient.getOptions().setThrowExceptionOnFailingStatusCode(false);// 设置连接超时时间webClient.getOptions().setTimeout(200);// HtmlUnitredirectUrl = webClient.getPage(url).getUrl().toString();} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException | IOException e) {log.error(url + "获取重定向网站失败1:" + e.getMessage(), e);} catch (Exception e) {log.error(url + "获取重定向网站失败2:" + e.getMessage(), e);}return redirectUrl;}/*** 获取重定向url** @param hrefUrl     链接地址* @param metaTagsUrl 元标签地址* @param sysSite     站点实体* @return*/public static String getRedirectUrl(String hrefUrl, String metaTagsUrl, SysSite sysSite) {String redirectUrl = "";try {if (metaTagsUrl.startsWith("./") && SpiderUtils.isNode(hrefUrl, sysSite)) {if (hrefUrl.endsWith("/")) {redirectUrl = hrefUrl + metaTagsUrl.substring(2);} else {redirectUrl = hrefUrl + metaTagsUrl.substring(1);}} else if (metaTagsUrl.startsWith("./") && hrefUrl.endsWith(".html")) {hrefUrl = hrefUrl.substring(0, hrefUrl.lastIndexOf("/"));metaTagsUrl = metaTagsUrl.substring(1);redirectUrl = hrefUrl + metaTagsUrl;} else if ("../".equals(metaTagsUrl) && SpiderUtils.isNode(hrefUrl, sysSite)) {if (hrefUrl.endsWith("/")) {hrefUrl = hrefUrl.substring(0, hrefUrl.length() - 1);}redirectUrl = hrefUrl.substring(0, hrefUrl.lastIndexOf('/'));} else if ("/".equals(metaTagsUrl)) {redirectUrl = sysSite.getSiteDomain();} else {//SpiderUtils.saveLogText("需要获取重定向以后的url--------------------hrefUrl："+hrefUrl+"--------metaTagsUrl："+metaTagsUrl);redirectUrl = JsoupHtmlUintUtils.getRedirectUrl(hrefUrl);//SpiderUtils.saveLogText("需要获取重定向以后的url-----------返回结果---------redirectUrl："+redirectUrl);}} catch (Exception e) {log.error("获取的url失败：" + e.getMessage(), e);}return redirectUrl;}/*** 获取原标签的url** @param refreshMeta* @return*/public static String getMetaTagsUrl(Element refreshMeta) {String refreshUrl = "";try {if (refreshMeta != null) {String patternString = "http-equiv\\s*=\\s*\"?Refresh\"?\\s*[\\s;]*content\\s*=\\s*\"?(\\d+);\\s*url\\s*=\\s*(\"?)(.*?)\\2\"";Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(patternString, Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE);Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(refreshMeta.html());if (matcher.find()) {refreshUrl = matcher.group(3);}}} catch (Exception e) {log.error("获取元标签的url失败：" + e.getMessage(), e);}return refreshUrl;}/*** 获取链接的状态码** @param url 爬虫链接* @return*/public static Integer getUrlResponseCode(String url, Integer frequency) {int statusCode;try (HttpResponse response = HttpRequest.head(url).setConnectionTimeout(1000).execute()) {//使用hutool方法获取状态码statusCode = response.getStatus();if (statusCode >= 400 && frequency < 3) {frequency = frequency + 1;try {Thread.sleep(200);} catch (InterruptedException e) {log.error("休眠异常：" + e.getMessage(), e);}statusCode = getUrlResponseCode(url, frequency);}} catch (Exception e) {log.error(url+"-----获取url的状态码失败：" + e.getMessage(), e);statusCode = 500;}return statusCode;}/*** 静态爬虫** @param url* @return*/private Document getStaticCrawlers(String url) {Document document = null;try {document = Jsoup.connect(url).timeout(5000).get();} catch (HttpStatusException e) {// 后台异常处理if ((e.getStatusCode() + "").startsWith("5")) {try {Thread.sleep(2000); // 睡眠2秒document = Jsoup.connect(url).timeout(5000).get();} catch (IOException ex) {ex.getMessage();} catch (InterruptedException ex) {throw new RuntimeException(ex);}}} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return initUrl(url,document);}private Document getStaticCrawlers(String url, Integer waitTime) {Document document = null;try {document = Jsoup.connect(url).timeout(waitTime).get();} catch (HttpStatusException e) {// 后台异常处理if ((e.getStatusCode() + "").startsWith("5")) {try {Thread.sleep(2000); // 睡眠2秒document = Jsoup.connect(url).timeout(waitTime).get();} catch (IOException ex) {ex.getMessage();} catch (InterruptedException ex) {throw new RuntimeException(ex);}}} catch (Exception e) {}return initUrl(url,document);}/*** 初始化Document中的相对路径为绝对路径* @param sourceUrl 基准URL，用于解析相对路径* @param document Jsoup解析的Document对象* @return 处理后的Document* @throws IllegalArgumentException 如果基准URL无效*/public static Document initUrl(String sourceUrl, Document document) {try{if (ObjectUtils.isNotEmpty(document)){URI baseUri;try {baseUri = new URI(sourceUrl);} catch (URISyntaxException e) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("链接处理异常: " + sourceUrl, e);}Elements aList = document.select("a");for (Element element : aList) {String href = element.attr("href");// 跳过空或无效的href属性if (href == null || href.isEmpty()) {continue;}//是javascript:void(0)类似这样的非法链接if (SpiderUtils.filterJavaScript(href)) {continue;}//不符合url规则if (SpiderUtils.illegalUrl(href)) {continue;}try {URI resolvedUri = baseUri.resolve(href);element.attr("href", resolvedUri.toString());} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {// 可选：记录解析失败的情况log.error("无法解析链接 '" + href + "': " + e.getMessage());}}}} catch (Exception e){log.info("document初始化链接异常：",e.getMessage(),e);}return document;}static class MyJSErrorListener extends DefaultJavaScriptErrorListener {@Overridepublic void scriptException(HtmlPage page, ScriptException scriptException) {}@Overridepublic void timeoutError(HtmlPage page, long allowedTime, long executionTime) {}@Overridepublic void malformedScriptURL(HtmlPage page, String url, MalformedURLException malformedURLException) {}@Overridepublic void loadScriptError(HtmlPage page, URL scriptUrl, Exception exception) {}@Overridepublic void warn(String message, String sourceName, int line, String lineSource, int lineOffset) {}}}