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Spring Boot全局异常处理与日志监控实战指南

news 2025/8/7 6:12:32

引言

在微服务架构中，统一的异常处理和完善的日志监控是保障系统稳定性的基石。本文将结合Spring Boot特性，详细讲解如何实现：

自定义全局异常处理器
Logback日志框架的精细化配置
异常与日志的联动监控机制

一、全局异常处理体系构建

1.1 自定义异常类设计

public class BusinessException extends RuntimeException {private final int code;public BusinessException(String message, int code) {super(message);this.code = code;}// Getter...
}

1.2 全局异常处理器实现

@RestControllerAdvice
@Slf4j
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {@ExceptionHandler(BusinessException.class)public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleBusinessException(BusinessException ex, HttpServletRequest request) {log.error("业务异常: {} - URL: {}", ex.getMessage(), request.getRequestURI());return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST).body(new ErrorResponse(ex.getCode(), ex.getMessage()));}@ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleGlobalException(Exception ex, HttpServletRequest request) {log.error("系统异常: {} - URL: {}", ex.getMessage(), request.getRequestURI(), ex);return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR).body(new ErrorResponse(500, "服务器内部错误"));}
}

1.3 统一响应结构

@Data
public class ErrorResponse {private int code;private String message;private long timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
}

二、Logback日志框架配置详解

2.1 基础配置文件（logback-spring.xml）

<configuration><property name="LOG_PATH" value="./logs/app"/><!-- 控制台输出 --><appender name="CONSOLE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender"><encoder><pattern>%d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n</pattern></encoder></appender><!-- 文件输出 --><appender name="FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.RollingFileAppender"><file>${LOG_PATH}/app.log</file><rollingPolicy class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.TimeBasedRollingPolicy"><fileNamePattern>${LOG_PATH}/app.%d{yyyy-MM-dd}.%i.log</fileNamePattern><timeBasedFileNamingAndTriggeringPolicy class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.SizeAndTimeBasedFNATP"><maxFileSize>100MB</maxFileSize></timeBasedFileNamingAndTriggeringPolicy><maxHistory>30</maxHistory></rollingPolicy><encoder><pattern>%d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n</pattern></encoder></appender><!-- 环境区分配置 --><springProfile name="dev"><root level="INFO"><appender-ref ref="CONSOLE"/><appender-ref ref="FILE"/></root></springProfile><springProfile name="prod"><root level="WARN"><appender-ref ref="FILE"/></root></springProfile>
</configuration>

2.2 高级配置技巧

MDC线程上下文：

MDC.put("traceId", UUID.randomUUID().toString());
log.info("处理业务请求");
MDC.clear();

异步日志：

<appender name="ASYNC_FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.classic.AsyncAppender"><discardingThreshold>0</discardingThreshold><queueSize>512</queueSize><appender-ref ref="FILE"/>
</appender>

日志过滤：

<logger name="com.example.敏感包" level="ERROR" additivity="false"/>

三、异常与日志联动监控

3.1 告警日志识别模式

.*系统异常.*|.*BusinessException.*|.*TimeoutException.*

3.2 集成监控系统示例（伪代码）

@Aspect
@Component
public class LogMonitorAspect {@Around("execution(* com.example.controller..*.*(..))")public Object monitorLog(ProceedingJoinPoint joinPoint) {try {return joinPoint.proceed();} catch (Throwable ex) {if (ex instanceof BusinessException) {sendAlert("业务异常告警", ex.getMessage());}throw ex;}}
}