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【1.4 漫画PostgreSQL高级数据库及国产数据库对比】

news 2025/7/2 12:16:11

🐘 漫画PostgreSQL高级数据库及国产数据库对比

👨‍💻 小明：“老王，除了MySQL，还有哪些优秀的关系型数据库？国产数据库发展得怎么样？”

🧙‍♂️ 架构师老王：“PostgreSQL是世界上最先进的开源数据库！而且我们国产数据库也在快速发展，达梦、人大金仓、openGauss都很优秀。让我们一起学习这些数据库的特色！”

📚 目录

  • PostgreSQL核心特性
  • Oracle数据库
  • 国产数据库
  • 数据库选型对比
  • Java集成实战
  • 性能优化

🐘 PostgreSQL核心特性

🔧 PostgreSQL配置与连接

// PostgreSQL配置
@Configuration
public class PostgreSQLConfig {@Bean@Primary@ConfigurationProperties("spring.datasource.postgresql")public DataSource postgresqlDataSource() {HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();config.setJdbcUrl("jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/testdb");config.setUsername("postgres");config.setPassword("password");config.setDriverClassName("org.postgresql.Driver");// 连接池配置config.setMaximumPoolSize(20);config.setMinimumIdle(5);config.setConnectionTimeout(30000);config.setIdleTimeout(600000);config.setMaxLifetime(1800000);// PostgreSQL特有配置config.addDataSourceProperty("useSSL", "false");config.addDataSourceProperty("serverTimezone", "Asia/Shanghai");config.addDataSourceProperty("reWriteBatchedInserts", "true");return new HikariDataSource(config);}@Beanpublic JdbcTemplate postgresqlJdbcTemplate(@Qualifier("postgresqlDataSource") DataSource dataSource) {return new JdbcTemplate(dataSource);}
}// PostgreSQL特有数据类型支持
@Entity
@Table(name = "postgresql_features")
public class PostgreSQLFeatureEntity {@Id@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)private Long id;// JSON类型支持@Column(columnDefinition = "jsonb")@Convert(converter = JsonbConverter.class)private Map<String, Object> jsonData;// 数组类型支持@Column(columnDefinition = "text[]")@Convert(converter = StringArrayConverter.class)private String[] tags;// UUID类型@Column(columnDefinition = "uuid")private UUID uuid;// 范围类型@Column(columnDefinition = "int4range")private String ageRange;// 地理位置类型@Column(columnDefinition = "point")private String location;// 全文搜索向量@Column(columnDefinition = "tsvector")private String searchVector;
}

🔍 PostgreSQL高级查询

@Repository
public class PostgreSQLAdvancedRepository {@Autowiredprivate JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;// JSON查询public List<Map<String, Object>> queryByJsonField(String jsonPath, String value) {String sql = "SELECT * FROM products WHERE json_data->>'category' = ?";return jdbcTemplate.queryForList(sql, value);}// 数组查询public List<Map<String, Object>> queryByArrayContains(String tag) {String sql = "SELECT * FROM articles WHERE ? = ANY(tags)";return jdbcTemplate.queryForList(sql, tag);}// 全文搜索public List<Map<String, Object>> fullTextSearch(String searchTerm) {String sql = """SELECT *, ts_rank(search_vector, plainto_tsquery(?)) as rankFROM articles WHERE search_vector @@ plainto_tsquery(?)ORDER BY rank DESC""";return jdbcTemplate.queryForList(sql, searchTerm, searchTerm);}// 窗口函数查询public List<Map<String, Object>> getTopProductsByCategory() {String sql = """SELECT product_name, category, sales,ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY category ORDER BY sales DESC) as rankFROM productsWHERE ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY category ORDER BY sales DESC) <= 3""";return jdbcTemplate.queryForList(sql);}// CTE公用表表达式public List<Map<String, Object>> getHierarchicalData(Long parentId) {String sql = """WITH RECURSIVE category_tree AS (SELECT id, name, parent_id, 1 as levelFROM categories WHERE parent_id = ?UNION ALLSELECT c.id, c.name, c.parent_id, ct.level + 1FROM categories cJOIN category_tree ct ON c.parent_id = ct.id)SELECT * FROM category_tree ORDER BY level, name""";return jdbcTemplate.queryForList(sql, parentId);}
}

🏛️ Oracle数据库

🔧 Oracle特性与配置

// Oracle数据库配置
@Configuration
public class OracleConfig {@Bean@ConfigurationProperties("spring.datasource.oracle")public DataSource oracleDataSource() {HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();config.setJdbcUrl("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe");config.setUsername("hr");config.setPassword("password");config.setDriverClassName("oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver");// Oracle特有配置config.addDataSourceProperty("oracle.jdbc.timezoneAsRegion", "false");config.addDataSourceProperty("oracle.net.keepAlive", "true");return new HikariDataSource(config);}
}// Oracle特有实体设计
@Entity
@Table(name = "ORACLE_FEATURES")
@SequenceGenerator(name = "oracle_seq", sequenceName = "ORACLE_SEQ", allocationSize = 1)
public class OracleFeatureEntity {@Id@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.SEQUENCE, generator = "oracle_seq")private Long id;// CLOB大文本@Lob@Column(name = "CONTENT")private String content;// BLOB二进制@Lob@Column(name = "ATTACHMENT")private byte[] attachment;// Oracle日期类型@Column(name = "CREATE_DATE")@Temporal(TemporalType.TIMESTAMP)private Date createDate;// NUMBER类型@Column(name = "PRICE", precision = 10, scale = 2)private BigDecimal price;
}// Oracle高级查询特性
@Repository
public class OracleAdvancedRepository {@Autowiredprivate JdbcTemplate oracleJdbcTemplate;// 分页查询（Oracle 12c+）public List<Map<String, Object>> queryWithPagination(int offset, int limit) {String sql = """SELECT * FROM (SELECT e.*, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY id) as rnFROM employees e) WHERE rn BETWEEN ? AND ?""";return oracleJdbcTemplate.queryForList(sql, offset + 1, offset + limit);}// 层次查询public List<Map<String, Object>> getHierarchicalEmployees(Long managerId) {String sql = """SELECT employee_id, name, manager_id, LEVEL, SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(name, '/') as pathFROM employeesSTART WITH manager_id = ?CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_idORDER SIBLINGS BY name""";return oracleJdbcTemplate.queryForList(sql, managerId);}// 分析函数public List<Map<String, Object>> getSalesAnalytics() {String sql = """SELECT employee_id,sales_amount,SUM(sales_amount) OVER (ORDER BY sales_date ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) as running_total,AVG(sales_amount) OVER (ORDER BY sales_date ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) as moving_avg,RANK() OVER (ORDER BY sales_amount DESC) as sales_rankFROM salesORDER BY sales_date""";return oracleJdbcTemplate.queryForList(sql);}
}

🇨🇳 国产数据库

🔥 达梦数据库(DM)

// 达梦数据库配置
@Configuration
public class DamengConfig {@Bean@ConfigurationProperties("spring.datasource.dameng")public DataSource damengDataSource() {HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();config.setJdbcUrl("jdbc:dm://localhost:5236/DAMENG");config.setUsername("SYSDBA");config.setPassword("SYSDBA");config.setDriverClassName("dm.jdbc.driver.DmDriver");// 达梦特有配置config.addDataSourceProperty("loginTimeout", "30");config.addDataSourceProperty("socketTimeout", "0");return new HikariDataSource(config);}
}// 达梦数据库操作
@Service
public class DamengService {@Autowired@Qualifier("damengDataSource")private DataSource damengDataSource;// 达梦分页查询public List<Map<String, Object>> queryWithPagination(int page, int size) {String sql = "SELECT * FROM users LIMIT ?, ?";try (Connection conn = damengDataSource.getConnection();PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql)) {stmt.setInt(1, page * size);stmt.setInt(2, size);ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery();List<Map<String, Object>> results = new ArrayList<>();while (rs.next()) {Map<String, Object> row = new HashMap<>();row.put("id", rs.getLong("id"));row.put("username", rs.getString("username"));row.put("email", rs.getString("email"));results.add(row);}return results;} catch (SQLException e) {throw new RuntimeException("达梦数据库查询失败", e);}}// 达梦存储过程调用public void callDamengProcedure(String procedureName, Object... params) {String sql = "{call " + procedureName + "(" + "?,".repeat(params.length).replaceAll(",$", "") + ")}";try (Connection conn = damengDataSource.getConnection();CallableStatement stmt = conn.prepareCall(sql)) {for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {stmt.setObject(i + 1, params[i]);}stmt.execute();} catch (SQLException e) {throw new RuntimeException("达梦存储过程调用失败", e);}}
}

🏛️ 人大金仓数据库(KingBase)

// 人大金仓配置
@Configuration
public class KingbaseConfig {@Bean@ConfigurationProperties("spring.datasource.kingbase")public DataSource kingbaseDataSource() {HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();config.setJdbcUrl("jdbc:kingbase8://localhost:54321/test");config.setUsername("system");config.setPassword("password");config.setDriverClassName("com.kingbase8.Driver");// 人大金仓特有配置config.addDataSourceProperty("serverTimezone", "Asia/Shanghai");config.addDataSourceProperty("useUnicode", "true");config.addDataSourceProperty("characterEncoding", "utf8");return new HikariDataSource(config);}
}// 人大金仓服务
@Service
public class KingbaseService {@Autowired@Qualifier("kingbaseDataSource")private DataSource kingbaseDataSource;// 人大金仓批量插入public void batchInsert(List<User> users) {String sql = "INSERT INTO users (username, email, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)";try (Connection conn = kingbaseDataSource.getConnection();PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql)) {for (User user : users) {stmt.setString(1, user.getUsername());stmt.setString(2, user.getEmail());stmt.setInt(3, user.getAge());stmt.addBatch();}int[] results = stmt.executeBatch();log.info("人大金仓批量插入完成，影响行数: {}", Arrays.stream(results).sum());} catch (SQLException e) {throw new RuntimeException("人大金仓批量插入失败", e);}}// 人大金仓全文检索public List<Map<String, Object>> fullTextSearch(String keyword) {String sql = "SELECT * FROM articles WHERE to_tsvector('simple', title || ' ' || content) @@ to_tsquery('simple', ?)";try (Connection conn = kingbaseDataSource.getConnection();PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql)) {stmt.setString(1, keyword);ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery();List<Map<String, Object>> results = new ArrayList<>();while (rs.next()) {Map<String, Object> row = new HashMap<>();row.put("id", rs.getLong("id"));row.put("title", rs.getString("title"));row.put("content", rs.getString("content"));results.add(row);}return results;} catch (SQLException e) {throw new RuntimeException("人大金仓全文检索失败", e);}}
}

🌟 openGauss数据库

// openGauss配置
@Configuration
public class OpenGaussConfig {@Bean@ConfigurationProperties("spring.datasource.opengauss")public DataSource openGaussDataSource() {HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();config.setJdbcUrl("jdbc:opengauss://localhost:5432/postgres");config.setUsername("gaussdb");config.setPassword("password");config.setDriverClassName("org.opengauss.Driver");// openGauss优化配置config.addDataSourceProperty("prepareThreshold", "5");config.addDataSourceProperty("batchMode", "true");config.addDataSourceProperty("fetchsize", "1000");return new HikariDataSource(config);}
}// openGauss高级特性
@Service
public class OpenGaussService {@Autowired@Qualifier("openGaussDataSource")private DataSource openGaussDataSource;// openGauss列式存储查询public List<Map<String, Object>> queryColumnStore(String tableName) {String sql = "SELECT * FROM " + tableName + " WHERE create_date >= ? ORDER BY id";try (Connection conn = openGaussDataSource.getConnection();PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql)) {stmt.setDate(1, Date.valueOf(LocalDate.now().minusDays(30)));ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery();List<Map<String, Object>> results = new ArrayList<>();ResultSetMetaData metaData = rs.getMetaData();int columnCount = metaData.getColumnCount();while (rs.next()) {Map<String, Object> row = new HashMap<>();for (int i = 1; i <= columnCount; i++) {row.put(metaData.getColumnName(i), rs.getObject(i));}results.add(row);}return results;} catch (SQLException e) {throw new RuntimeException("openGauss列式存储查询失败", e);}}// openGauss分区表操作public void createPartitionTable() {String sql = """CREATE TABLE sales_partition (id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,sale_date DATE NOT NULL,amount DECIMAL(10,2),region VARCHAR(50)) PARTITION BY RANGE (sale_date) (PARTITION p2023 VALUES LESS THAN ('2024-01-01'),PARTITION p2024 VALUES LESS THAN ('2025-01-01'))""";try (Connection conn = openGaussDataSource.getConnection();Statement stmt = conn.createStatement()) {stmt.execute(sql);log.info("openGauss分区表创建成功");} catch (SQLException e) {throw new RuntimeException("openGauss分区表创建失败", e);}}
}

📊 数据库选型对比

🔍 核心特性对比

// 数据库特性对比服务
@Service
public class DatabaseComparisonService {public DatabaseComparison compareFeatures() {DatabaseComparison comparison = new DatabaseComparison();// PostgreSQL特性DatabaseFeature postgresql = new DatabaseFeature();postgresql.setName("PostgreSQL");postgresql.setOpenSource(true);postgresql.setACIDCompliance(true);postgresql.setJSONSupport(true);postgresql.setFullTextSearch(true);postgresql.setGISSupport(true);postgresql.setAdvancedIndexing(true);postgresql.setExtensibility(true);postgresql.setPerformance("高");postgresql.setEcosystem("丰富");// Oracle特性DatabaseFeature oracle = new DatabaseFeature();oracle.setName("Oracle");oracle.setOpenSource(false);oracle.setACIDCompliance(true);oracle.setJSONSupport(true);oracle.setFullTextSearch(true);oracle.setGISSupport(true);oracle.setAdvancedIndexing(true);oracle.setExtensibility(true);oracle.setPerformance("极高");oracle.setEcosystem("最丰富");oracle.setEnterpriseFeatures("最强");// 达梦特性DatabaseFeature dameng = new DatabaseFeature();dameng.setName("达梦");dameng.setOpenSource(false);dameng.setACIDCompliance(true);dameng.setJSONSupport(true);dameng.setFullTextSearch(true);dameng.setGISSupport(true);dameng.setAdvancedIndexing(true);dameng.setPerformance("高");dameng.setDomesticSupport("强");dameng.setSecurityLevel("高");// 人大金仓特性DatabaseFeature kingbase = new DatabaseFeature();kingbase.setName("人大金仓");kingbase.setOpenSource(false);kingbase.setACIDCompliance(true);kingbase.setJSONSupport(true);kingbase.setFullTextSearch(true);kingbase.setCompatibility("Oracle兼容");kingbase.setPerformance("高");kingbase.setDomesticSupport("强");// openGauss特性DatabaseFeature opengauss = new DatabaseFeature();opengauss.setName("openGauss");opengauss.setOpenSource(true);opengauss.setACIDCompliance(true);opengauss.setColumnStore(true);opengauss.setInMemoryEngine(true);opengauss.setAIOptimization(true);opengauss.setPerformance("极高");opengauss.setDomesticSupport("强");comparison.setDatabases(Arrays.asList(postgresql, oracle, dameng, kingbase, opengauss));return comparison;}
}

🎯 选型建议

// 数据库选型建议服务
@Service
public class DatabaseSelectionService {public DatabaseRecommendation getRecommendation(ProjectRequirements requirements) {DatabaseRecommendation recommendation = new DatabaseRecommendation();// 根据项目需求推荐数据库if (requirements.isNeedDomesticDB()) {if (requirements.isHighPerformance()) {recommendation.setPrimary("openGauss");recommendation.setReason("国产数据库中性能最高，支持列式存储和内存引擎");} else if (requirements.isOracleCompatibility()) {recommendation.setPrimary("人大金仓");recommendation.setReason("Oracle兼容性最好，迁移成本低");} else {recommendation.setPrimary("达梦");recommendation.setReason("功能完整，稳定性好，国产化支持强");}} else {if (requirements.isNeedAdvancedFeatures()) {recommendation.setPrimary("PostgreSQL");recommendation.setReason("开源数据库功能最强，扩展性好");} else if (requirements.isEnterpriseLevel()) {recommendation.setPrimary("Oracle");recommendation.setReason("企业级功能最完整，性能和稳定性最佳");} else {recommendation.setPrimary("PostgreSQL");recommendation.setReason("开源免费，功能强大，社区活跃");}}return recommendation;}
}

📊 总结

🌟 各数据库特色总结

数据库核心优势适用场景学习成本
PostgreSQL功能丰富、扩展性强复杂业务、地理信息、JSON处理中等
Oracle企业级功能完整大型企业、关键业务高
达梦国产化、稳定性好政府、金融、电信中等
人大金仓Oracle兼容性好Oracle迁移项目低
openGauss高性能、AI优化OLAP、大数据分析中等

💡 面试重点

Q: PostgreSQL比MySQL有什么优势？
A: 1)支持更多数据类型(JSON、数组、范围等) 2)更强的查询功能(窗口函数、CTE) 3)更好的并发控制(MVCC) 4)更完整的SQL标准支持 5)更强的扩展性

Q: 国产数据库的发展现状如何？
A: 国产数据库快速发展，达梦、人大金仓在传统市场占有率提升，openGauss在高性能场景表现出色，在国产化替代需求下迎来发展机遇。

Q: 如何进行数据库迁移？
A: 1)评估现有系统和目标数据库 2)数据结构映射和兼容性分析 3)制定迁移策略和计划 4)数据迁移和测试验证 5)业务切换和监控

🎉 总结：掌握多种数据库的特性和适用场景，能够根据业务需求进行合理的技术选型。国产数据库的崛起为我们提供了更多选择，在国产化替代的大趋势下具有重要意义！

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