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搭建一个springColud 项目，从头开始，里面有订单，库存两个模块

ops 2025/6/22 7:39:37

从零开始搭建 Spring Cloud 项目（订单+库存模块）

下面我将带你从零开始搭建一个完整的 Spring Cloud 项目，包含订单(order)和库存(stock)两个模块，使用 Nacos 作为注册中心和配置中心。

一、项目初始化

1. 创建父工程（Maven聚合项目）

<!-- pom.xml -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><groupId>com.example</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-demo</artifactId><version>1.0.0</version><packaging>pom</packaging><name>spring-cloud-demo</name><modules><module>order-service</module><module>stock-service</module><module>api-commons</module><module>gateway</module></modules><parent><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId><version>2.7.12</version><relativePath/></parent><properties><project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding><project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding><java.version>1.8</java.version><spring-cloud.version>2021.0.7</spring-cloud.version><spring-cloud-alibaba.version>2021.0.5.0</spring-cloud-alibaba.version></properties><dependencyManagement><dependencies><!-- Spring Cloud --><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId><version>${spring-cloud.version}</version><type>pom</type><scope>import</scope></dependency><!-- Spring Cloud Alibaba --><dependency><groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies</artifactId><version>${spring-cloud-alibaba.version}</version><type>pom</type><scope>import</scope></dependency></dependencies></dependencyManagement>
</project>

2. 创建公共模块（api-commons）

<!-- api-commons/pom.xml -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><parent><artifactId>spring-cloud-demo</artifactId><groupId>com.example</groupId><version>1.0.0</version></parent><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><artifactId>api-commons</artifactId><dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId><artifactId>lombok</artifactId><optional>true</optional></dependency></dependencies>
</project>

二、订单服务（order-service）

1. 创建订单模块

<!-- order-service/pom.xml -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><parent><artifactId>spring-cloud-demo</artifactId><groupId>com.example</groupId><version>1.0.0</version></parent><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><artifactId>order-service</artifactId><dependencies><!-- Spring Boot Starter Web --><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId></dependency><!-- Nacos Discovery --><dependency><groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery</artifactId></dependency><!-- Nacos Config --><dependency><groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-config</artifactId></dependency><!-- OpenFeign --><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId></dependency><!-- API Commons --><dependency><groupId>com.example</groupId><artifactId>api-commons</artifactId><version>${project.version}</version></dependency><!-- Lombok --><dependency><groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId><artifactId>lombok</artifactId><optional>true</optional></dependency></dependencies>
</project>

2. 订单服务配置

# order-service/src/main/resources/bootstrap.yml
spring:application:name: order-servicecloud:nacos:discovery:server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848config:server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848file-extension: yamlgroup: DEFAULT_GROUPnamespace: public

3. 订单服务主启动类

// order-service/src/main/java/com/example/order/OrderApplication.java
package com.example.order;import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.EnableFeignClients;@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@EnableFeignClients
public class OrderApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(OrderApplication.class, args);}
}

4. 订单服务Controller

// order-service/src/main/java/com/example/order/controller/OrderController.java
package com.example.order.controller;import com.example.order.feign.StockFeignService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;@RestController
@RequestMapping("/order")
public class OrderController {@Autowiredprivate StockFeignService stockFeignService;@GetMapping("/create")public String createOrder() {// 调用库存服务扣减库存String result = stockFeignService.deduct();return "创建订单成功，" + result;}
}

5. Feign客户端接口

// order-service/src/main/java/com/example/order/feign/StockFeignService.java
package com.example.order.feign;import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;@FeignClient(name = "stock-service", path = "/stock")
public interface StockFeignService {@GetMapping("/deduct")String deduct();
}

三、库存服务（stock-service）

1. 创建库存模块

<!-- stock-service/pom.xml -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><parent><artifactId>spring-cloud-demo</artifactId><groupId>com.example</groupId><version>1.0.0</version></parent><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><artifactId>stock-service</artifactId><dependencies><!-- Spring Boot Starter Web --><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId></dependency><!-- Nacos Discovery --><dependency><groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery</artifactId></dependency><!-- API Commons --><dependency><groupId>com.example</groupId><artifactId>api-commons</artifactId><version>${project.version}</version></dependency><!-- Lombok --><dependency><groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId><artifactId>lombok</artifactId><optional>true</optional></dependency></dependencies>
</project>

2. 库存服务配置

# stock-service/src/main/resources/bootstrap.yml
spring:application:name: stock-servicecloud:nacos:discovery:server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848config:server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848file-extension: yamlgroup: DEFAULT_GROUPnamespace: public

3. 库存服务主启动类

// stock-service/src/main/java/com/example/stock/StockApplication.java
package com.example.stock;import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
public class StockApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(StockApplication.class, args);}
}

4. 库存服务Controller

// stock-service/src/main/java/com/example/stock/controller/StockController.java
package com.example.stock.controller;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;@RestController
@RequestMapping("/stock")
public class StockController {@GetMapping("/deduct")public String deduct() {System.out.println("库存扣减成功");return "库存扣减成功";}
}

四、API网关（gateway）

1. 创建网关模块

<!-- gateway/pom.xml -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><parent><artifactId>spring-cloud-demo</artifactId><groupId>com.example</groupId><version>1.0.0</version></parent><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><artifactId>gateway</artifactId><dependencies><!-- Spring Cloud Gateway --><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-gateway</artifactId></dependency><!-- Nacos Discovery --><dependency><groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery</artifactId></dependency><!-- Lombok --><dependency><groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId><artifactId>lombok</artifactId><optional>true</optional></dependency></dependencies>
</project>

2. 网关配置

# gateway/src/main/resources/bootstrap.yml
spring:application:name: gatewaycloud:nacos:discovery:server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848gateway:discovery:locator:enabled: true # 开启从注册中心动态创建路由的功能lower-case-service-id: true # 使用小写服务名routes:- id: order-serviceuri: lb://order-servicepredicates:- Path=/order/**- id: stock-serviceuri: lb://stock-servicepredicates:- Path=/stock/**
server:port: 8080

3. 网关主启动类

// gateway/src/main/java/com/example/gateway/GatewayApplication.java
package com.example.gateway;import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
public class GatewayApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(GatewayApplication.class, args);}
}

五、测试项目

  1. 启动Nacos服务（确保已安装并运行）
  2. 依次启动：
    • stock-service
    • order-service
    • gateway
  3. 访问测试：
    • 通过网关访问订单服务：http://localhost:8080/order/create
    • 直接访问库存服务：http://localhost:8080/stock/deduct

六、项目结构说明

spring-cloud-demo
├── api-commons          # 公共模块
├── order-service        # 订单服务
│   ├── src
│   │   ├── main
│   │   │   ├── java
│   │   │   │   └── com
│   │   │   │       └── example
│   │   │   │           └── order
│   │   │   └── resources
│   │   └── test
│   └── pom.xml
├── stock-service        # 库存服务
│   ├── src
│   │   ├── main
│   │   │   ├── java
│   │   │   │   └── com
│   │   │   │       └── example
│   │   │   │           └── stock
│   │   │   └── resources
│   │   └── test
│   └── pom.xml
├── gateway              # API网关
│   ├── src
│   │   ├── main
│   │   │   ├── java
│   │   │   │   └── com
│   │   │   │       └── example
│   │   │   │           └── gateway
│   │   │   └── resources
│   │   └── test
│   └── pom.xml
└── pom.xml              # 父工程POM

七、扩展功能建议

  1. 添加分布式事务：使用Seata处理订单创建和库存扣减的分布式事务
  2. 添加熔断降级：使用Sentinel实现服务熔断
  3. 添加链路追踪：使用Sleuth+Zipkin实现分布式链路追踪
  4. 添加配置中心：使用Nacos Config管理配置
  5. 添加鉴权：使用Spring Security或OAuth2实现API鉴权

这个项目已经包含了Spring Cloud的核心组件：服务注册与发现(Nacos)、服务调用(Feign)、API网关(Gateway)。你可以基于此继续扩展完善。

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