实现可靠的 WebSocket 连接：心跳与自动重连的最佳实践
概览
本文将手把手教你如何从零编写一个可用于直播或在线聊天的 WSocket 类，依次实现连接建立、心跳检测、断线重连、消息收发以及资源清理等功能。我们将结合 WebSocket API 的标准用法、心跳保持 和 重连策略，并充分运用现代 JavaScript 语法（如类、解构、箭头函数）来确保代码既高效又易读。
1. 创建基础 WebSocket 连接
1.1 引入与初始化
首先，新建一个 WSocket 类，接受目标 URL 和回调函数作为构造参数：
class WSocket {constructor({ url, onMessage, onDisconnect }) {this.url = url;this.onMessage = onMessage;this.onDisconnect = onDisconnect;this.ws = null;this.reconnectCount = 0;}
}
-
url：WebSocket 服务器地址。 -
onMessage/onDisconnect：消息与断开回调。
1.2 建立连接
在类中添加 connect() 方法，使用原生 API 建立并绑定事件：
connect() {this.ws = new WebSocket(this.url);this.ws.binaryType = 'arraybuffer'; // 二进制类型 this.ws.onopen = () => this.handleOpen(); // 连接成功:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} this.ws.onmessage = e => this.handleMessage(e); // 收到消息 this.ws.onclose = e => this.handleClose(e); // 连接关闭 this.ws.onerror = e => this.handleError(e); // 错误处理
}
2. 实现心跳机制
2.1 为什么要心跳
许多网络设备会在连接空闲一定时长后断开，心跳可保持连接活跃并及时发现断线MDN Web Docs。
2.2 心跳代码
const DEFAULTS = { HEART_INTERVAL: 10000, STATUS_CHECK: 3000 };handleOpen() {this.clearTimers();this.startHeartbeat();
}startHeartbeat() {this.heartbeatTimer = setInterval(() => {if (this.ws.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {this.ws.send(JSON.stringify({ type: 'PING' })); // 心跳包 }}, DEFAULTS.HEART_INTERVAL);this.statusCheckTimer = setInterval(() => {if (this.ws.readyState !== WebSocket.OPEN) {this.reconnect(); // 状态检查:contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3} }}, DEFAULTS.STATUS_CHECK);
}clearTimers() {clearInterval(this.heartbeatTimer);clearInterval(this.statusCheckTimer);
}
3. 自动重连策略
3.1 基本重连
在断线或错误时，调用 reconnect()：
reconnect() {if (this.reconnecting) return;this.reconnecting = true;this.clearTimers();setTimeout(() => {this.reconnectCount++;if (this.reconnectCount <= 5) { // 最多重连5次 this.connect();} else {this.onDisconnect();}this.reconnecting = false;}, 2000); // 延迟2秒重连:contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
}handleClose(e) {console.warn('WebSocket closed:', e);this.reconnect();
}handleError(e) {console.error('WebSocket error:', e);this.reconnect();
}
4. 消息接收与分发
在 handleMessage 中解析并交给用户回调：
handleMessage(event) {try {const data = event.data instanceof ArrayBuffer? JSON.parse(new TextDecoder().decode(event.data)): JSON.parse(event.data);this.onMessage(data);} catch (err) {console.error('Message parse error:', err);}
}
-
兼容二进制/文本：用
TextDecoder解码二进制MDN Web Docs。 -
异常捕获：防止单条消息解析失败导致整个连接中断Stack Overflow。
5. 完整示例代码
class WSocket {constructor({ url, onMessage, onDisconnect }) {this.url = url;this.onMessage = onMessage;this.onDisconnect = onDisconnect;this.ws = null;this.heartbeatTimer = null;this.statusCheckTimer = null;this.reconnecting = false;this.reconnectCount = 0;}connect() {this.ws = new WebSocket(this.url);this.ws.binaryType = 'arraybuffer';this.ws.onopen = () => this.handleOpen();this.ws.onmessage = e => this.handleMessage(e);this.ws.onclose = e => this.handleClose(e);this.ws.onerror = e => this.handleError(e);}handleOpen() {this.reconnectCount = 0;this.clearTimers();this.startHeartbeat();console.log('WebSocket connected');}startHeartbeat() {this.heartbeatTimer = setInterval(() => {if (this.ws.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {this.ws.send(JSON.stringify({ type: 'PING' }));}}, DEFAULTS.HEART_INTERVAL);this.statusCheckTimer = setInterval(() => {if (this.ws.readyState !== WebSocket.OPEN) this.reconnect();}, DEFAULTS.STATUS_CHECK);}clearTimers() {clearInterval(this.heartbeatTimer);clearInterval(this.statusCheckTimer);}reconnect() {if (this.reconnecting) return;this.reconnecting = true;this.clearTimers();setTimeout(() => {this.reconnectCount++;if (this.reconnectCount <= 5) {this.connect();} else {this.onDisconnect();}this.reconnecting = false;}, 2000);}handleMessage(event) {try {const raw = event.data instanceof ArrayBuffer? new TextDecoder().decode(event.data): event.data;const data = JSON.parse(raw);this.onMessage(data);} catch (err) {console.error('Message parse error:', err);}}handleClose(e) {console.warn('WebSocket closed:', e);this.reconnect();}handleError(e) {console.error('WebSocket error:', e);this.reconnect();}send(data) {if (this.ws?.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {this.ws.send(typeof data === 'string' ? data : JSON.stringify(data));}}disconnect() {this.clearTimers();this.ws?.close();}
}
6. 使用示例
const ws = new WSocket({url: 'wss://example.com/live',onMessage: msg => console.log('Recv:', msg),onDisconnect: () => alert('Connection lost')
});ws.connect();// 发送消息
ws.send({ type: 'CHAT', content: 'Hello world' });// 手动断开
// ws.disconnect();